Esta página reúne a bibliografia utilizada na elaboração dos conteúdos do Centro de Conhecimento sobre Lipedema. As referências estão organizadas por assunto e incluem diretrizes, consensos, estudos clínicos, revisões, trabalhos metodológicos e orientações clínicas institucionais. Cada publicação aparece uma única vez, mesmo quando contribui para mais de um tema.

A presença de uma publicação nesta lista não significa concordância com todas as suas conclusões nem recomendação de um produto ou tratamento. A interpretação dos resultados e de seus limites acompanha os conteúdos do Centro.

Diretrizes, definição e diagnóstico

1. Kruppa P, Crescenzi R, Faerber G, et al. Lipedema World Alliance Delphi Consensus-Based Position Paper on the Definition and Management of Lipedema: Results from the 2023 Lipedema World Congress in Potsdam. Nature Communications. 2026;17:427.

2. Faerber G, Cornely M, Daubert C, et al. S2k guideline lipedema. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2024;22:1303–1315.

3. Amato ACM, et al. Brazilian Consensus Statement on Lipedema using the Delphi methodology. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2025;24:e20230183.

4. Herbst KL, Kahn LA, Iker E, et al. Standard of care for lipedema in the United States. Phlebology. 2021;36(10):779–796.

5. Halk AB, Damstra RJ. First Dutch guidelines on lipedema using the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Phlebology. 2017;32(3):152–159.

6. Kruppa P, Georgiou I, Biermann N, Prantl L, Klein-Weigel P, Ghods M. Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2020;117:396–403.

7. Amato ACM, Amato FCM, Benitti DA, dos Santos RV. Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of a lipedema symptoms questionnaire. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2020;19:e20200049.

Tecido, microcirculação e hormônios

1. Allen M, Schwartz M, Herbst KL. Interstitial Fluid in Lipedema and Control Skin. Women’s Health Reports. 2020;1(1):480–487.

2. Lüchinger JE, Pavicic E, Giachino CL, Stute P. Impact of hormones on lipedema development: a systematic literature review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2026;313:60.

3. Pinto da Costa Viana D, Câmara LC, Palau RB. Menopause as a Critical Turning Point in Lipedema: The Estrogen Receptor Imbalance, Intracrine Estrogen, and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(15):7074.

4. Vargas D, et al. A Review of Microvascular Dysfunction in Lipedema: Dissociation between Histopathology and Doppler Ultrasound. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2026;19:182–188.

5. Crescenzi R, et al. Tissue sodium content is elevated in the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue in women with lipedema. Obesity. 2018.

Ultrassonografia e imagem

1. Amato ACM, et al. Ultrasound criteria for lipedema diagnosis. Phlebology. 2021;36(8):651–658.

2. Vargas D, Santos AMR, Bueno AN, Bezerra AS, Bianchi MA, Amato ACM. The Challenge of a Qualitative Ultrasonographic Classification in Lipedema. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2025;18(4):106–112.

3. Barros FS, Tavares IR, Frasson PHL, De Nadai ACC. Ultrasound criteria for upper extremity lipedema diagnosis. Phlebology. 2026.

4. Vargas D, et al. Case Report of Painful Nodules in Lipedema: Correlation between Qualitative Ultrasonographic Classification and Histological Findings. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2025;18:372–383.

Mensuração e composição corporal: bases metodológicas

1. Leahy S, Toomey C, McCreesh K, O’Neill C, Jakeman P. Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Thickness Accurately Predicts Total and Segmental Body Fat of Young Adults. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2012.

2. Prado CM, et al. Evaluation of Visceral and Subcutaneous Fat by Ultrasound and Its Relationship with Clinical and Metabolic Parameters of Insulin Resistance and Subclinical Atherosclerosis. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases. 2012;2:63–69.

3. Pereira AZ, Marchini JS, Carneiro G, Zanella MT. Ultrasound evaluation of obesity: fat and muscle thickness, and visceral fat. International Journal of Nutrology. 2012;5(2):71–73.

4. Störchle P, et al. Standardized Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat Patterning: High Reliability and Accuracy in Groups Ranging from Lean to Obese. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2017;43(2):427–438.

5. Hoffmann J, et al. Measurement of subcutaneous fat tissue: reliability and comparison of caliper and ultrasound via systematic body mapping. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:15798.

6. Martínez E, Milinkovic A, Bianchi L, Gatell JM. Considerations about the value of sonography for the measurement of regional body fat. AIDS. 2006;20(3):465–466.

7. Ryan-Stewart H, O’Leary A, Paine E, Faulkner J, Jobson S. The Relationship between Skinfold and Ultrasound Measures of Subcutaneous Fat in Untrained Healthy Males. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(22):10561.

Exercício, compressão e reabilitação

1. Lanzi S, Porceddu E, Pousaz A, Jaques C, Mazzolai L. Exercise training in women with lipedema — A systematic review. Vasa. 2026;55(5):322–333.

2. Atan T, Bahar-Özdemir Y. The Effects of Complete Decongestive Therapy or Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Therapy or Exercise Only in the Treatment of Severe Lipedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Lymphatic Research and Biology. 2021.

3. Czerwińska M, Gruszecki M, Rumiński J, Hansdorfer-Korzon R. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Compression Therapy Combined with Exercises Versus Exercises Only Among Lipedema Patients Using Various Outcome Measures. Life. 2024;14(11):1346.

4. Czerwińska M, Teodorczyk J, Spychała D, Hansdorfer-Korzon R. The Usefulness of the Application of Compression Therapy among Lipedema Patients—Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(2):914.

5. Wright T, Scarfino CD, O’Malley EM. Effect of pneumatic compression device and stocking use on symptoms and quality of life in women with lipedema: A proof-in-principle randomized trial. Phlebology. 2023;38(1):51–61.

6. Sakizli Erdal E, Ergin C, Haspolat M, Erturk B, Keser I. Effects of multimodal exercise program on edema, pain, exercise capacity, lower extremity muscle strength and function in patients with lipedema. Phlebology. 2026;41(1):47–57.

7. Schneider R. Low-frequency vibrotherapy considerably improves the effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) in patients with lipedema: A two-armed, randomized, controlled pragmatic trial. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2020;36(1):63–70.

8. Uzun Ö, et al. Clinical effects of TECAR therapy in the conservative management of Stage 2 lipedema in females: A randomized controlled trial. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2025;71(4):560–573.

9. Fiengo E, Sbarbati A. Lipedema and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders Sharing Pathophysiology: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(20):7195.

10. Buryk-Iggers S, et al. Exercise and Rehabilitation in People With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. 2022;4(2):100189.

Alimentação e comportamento alimentar

1. de Oliveira J, de Paula ACP, Guimarães VHD. Clinical or cultural? Dietary interventions for lipedema: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2025;202:108716.

2. Atabilen Pınar B, et al. Current Evidence-Based Clinical Nutritional Approaches in Lipedema: A Scoping Review. Nutrition Reviews. 2026;84(8):1736–1755.

3. Lundanes J, Sandnes F, Gjeilo KH, et al. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on pain and quality of life in female patients with lipedema: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity. 2024;32:1071–1082.

4. Lundanes J, Gårseth M, Taylor S, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on subcutaneous adipose tissue in females with lipedema. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024;11:1484612.

5. Sørlie V, De Soysa AK, Hyldmo ÅA, Retterstøl K, Martins C, Nymo S. Effect of a ketogenic diet on pain and quality of life in patients with lipedema: the LIPODIET pilot study. Obesity Science & Practice. 2022;8:483–493.

6. Jeziorek M, Szuba A, Kujawa K, Regulska-Ilow B. The Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet versus Moderate-Carbohydrate and Fat Diet on Body Composition in Patients with Lipedema. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. 2022;15:2545–2561.

7. Jeziorek M, Chachaj A, Sowicz M, et al. The Benefits of Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet on Body Composition, Leg Volume, and Pain in Women with Lipedema. Journal of Obesity. 2023;2023:5826630.

8. Amato ACM, Amato JLS, Benitti DA. The Efficacy of Ketogenic Diets (Low Carbohydrate; High Fat) as a Potential Nutritional Intervention for Lipedema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2024;16(19):3276.

9. Di Renzo L, Cinelli G, Romano L, et al. Potential Effects of a Modified Mediterranean Diet on Body Composition in Lipoedema. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):358.

10. Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Zomparelli S, et al. Modified Mediterranean-Ketogenic Diet and Carboxytherapy as Personalized Therapeutic Strategies in Lipedema: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3654.

11. Tel Adıgüzel K, Yaman A, Kürklü NS, Adıgüzel E. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Mediterranean Diet Score are associated with systemic inflammation in women with lipedema. International Journal of Obesity. 2026;50:442–449.

12. Arslan N. Associations between Dietary Inflammatory Index, ultra-processed food intake, and clinical outcomes in women with lipedema. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2026;13:1846293.

13. Chachaj A, Fleszar M, Lewandowski Ł, et al. Changes in Vascular, Lymphatic, Inflammatory, and Lipid Mediators During a 7-Month Calorie-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Dietary Intervention in Women with Lipedema: A Preliminary Prospective Study. Nutrients. 2026;18(9):1381.

14. Jeziorek M, Chachaj A, Szyller J, et al. Low-carbohydrate Mediterranean style diet improves pain and body composition in women with lipedema: role of redox balance. Scientific Reports. 2026.

15. Lundanes J, Nes VF, Aakervik O, et al. Changes in Cytokines and Fibrotic Growth Factors after Low-Carbohydrate or Low-Fat Low-Energy Diets in Females with Lipedema. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2025;9:104571.

16. Lundanes J, Storliløkken GE, Solem MS, et al. Gastrointestinal hormones and subjective ratings of appetite after low-carbohydrate versus low-fat low-energy diets in females with lipedema. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2025;65:16–24.

17. Lundanes J, Naustvoll TG, Tangvik RJ, Martins C, Nymo S. Hedonic hunger and eating behavior after low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets in females with lipedema and obesity. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2025;12:1716592.

18. Cannataro R, Michelini S, Ricolfi L, et al. Management of Lipedema with Ketogenic Diet: 22-Month Follow-Up. Life. 2021;11(12):1402.

Peso corporal e cirurgia bariátrica

1. Cifarelli V, et al. Adipose Tissue Biology and Effect of Weight Loss in Women With Lipedema. Diabetes. 2025;74(3):308–319.

2. Fink JM, et al. Leg Volume in Patients with Lipoedema following Bariatric Surgery. Visceral Medicine. 2021;37:206–211.

3. Cornely ME, Hasenberg T, Cornely OA, et al. Persistent lipedema pain in patients after bariatric surgery: a case series of 13 patients. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2022.

Suplementos e tratamentos em investigação

1. Mello Netto BAS, Corassa JM, Barros FS, et al. Impact of Pycnogenol® Use in the Treatment of Patients With Lipedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus. 2025;17:e96589.

2. Michelini S, et al. Dietary supplements for lipedema. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2022.

3. Amato AC, Amato JS, Benitti D. Lack of Scientific Evidence for the Use of Gestrinone in the Treatment of Lipedema: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2025;17(11):e97213.

Tratamento cirúrgico

1. Peprah K, MacDougall D. Liposuction for the Treatment of Lipedema: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 2019.

2. Mortada H, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Liposuction Modalities in Managing Lipedema: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Plastic Surgery. 2024;51(5):510–526.

3. Amato AC, Amato JL, Benitti D. Efficacy of Liposuction in the Treatment of Lipedema: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2024;16(2):e55260.

4. Fijany AJ, et al. Comparing the safety and effectiveness of different liposuction techniques for lipedema. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2024;97:256–267.

5. Acuña Vengoechea JA, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Surgical Techniques in Treating Lipedema: Systematic Review. Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum. 2026;8:ojag039.

6. Coutinho ML, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Surgical Intervention in Refractory Lipedema: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2026;50(5):1931–1939.

7. Klöppel M, Römich D, Machens HG. Quality of life following liposuction for lipoedema: a prospective outcome study. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2024;91:70–78.

8. van de Pas CB, et al. Does tumescent liposuction damage the lymph vessels in lipoedema patients?. Phlebology. 2020;35(4):231–236.

9. Dadras M, Mallinger PJ, Corterier CC, Theodosiadi S, Ghods M. Liposuction in the Treatment of Lipedema: A Longitudinal Study. Archives of Plastic Surgery. 2017;44(4):324–331.

10. Baumgartner A, Hueppe M, Schmeller W. Long-term benefit of liposuction in patients with lipoedema: a follow-up study after an average of 4 and 8 years. British Journal of Dermatology. 2016;174(5):1061–1067.

11. Baumgartner A, Hueppe M, Meier-Vollrath I, Schmeller W. Improvements in patients with lipedema 4, 8 and 12 years after liposuction. Phlebology. 2021;36(2):152–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355520949775

12. Hoffmann JN, et al. Tumescent and dry liposuction of lower extremities: differences in lymph vessel injury. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004;113:718–724.

13. Podda M, Schmidt J, Cornely ME, et al. Liposuction versus conservative therapy for patients with lipoedema in Germany: a multicentre, randomised controlled clinical trial. The Lancet. 2026;408(10558):910–923.

Qualidade de vida, estigma e apoio social

1. Falck J, Herbst K, Rolander B, Nygårdh A, Jonasson LL, Mårtensson J. Health-related stigma, perceived social support, and their role in quality of life among women with lipedema. Health Care for Women International. 2025;46(11):1278–1296.

2. Dudek JE, Białaszek W, Gabriel M. Quality of life, its factors, and sociodemographic characteristics of Polish women with lipedema. BMC Women’s Health. 2021;21:27.

3. Christoffersen V, Tennfjord MK. Younger Women with Lipedema, Their Experiences with Healthcare Providers, and the Importance of Social Support and Belonging: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(3):1925.

Registro de pesquisa

O registro documenta uma pesquisa e seu planejamento. Não equivale a uma publicação de resultados.

1. ClinicalTrials.gov. Ketogenic Diet in Women With Lipedema — NCT07530341. Registro de ensaio clínico. 2026.

Orientações clínicas complementares

1. Reese I, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, et al. Guideline on management of suspected adverse reactions to ingested histamine. Allergologie Select. 2021;5:305–314.

2. Bonetti G, Michelini S, Donato K, et al. Targeting Mast Cells: Sodium Cromoglycate as a Possible Treatment of Lipedema. Clinica Terapeutica. 2023;174(Suppl 2(6)):256–262.

3. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). What You Need to Know About Oral Food Challenges. Orientação clínica institucional. Consulta em 15 de setembro de 2026.

4. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). The myth of IgG food panel testing. Orientação clínica institucional. Consulta em 14 de setembro de 2026.

5. National Health Service (NHS). Coeliac disease: diagnosis. Orientação clínica institucional. Consulta em 14 de setembro de 2026.

6. National Health Service (NHS). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Orientação clínica institucional. Consulta em 14 de setembro de 2026.

Evolução dos sintomas e acompanhamento

1. Amato ACM, Amato JLS, Benitti DA. Order of resolution and recurrence of inflammatory symptoms in lipedema: a longitudinal study of 1,300 patients. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2026;25:e20260056.

Medicamentos e saúde metabólica

1. Srinivasan A, Kartt J, Daftuar F, et al. GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist medication use and self-reported outcomes in individuals with lipedema: Results from a large online survey. Obesity Pillars. 2026;19:100316.

2. Patton L, Reverdito V, Bellucci A, Bortolon M, Macrelli A, Ricolfi L. A Case Series on the Efficacy of the Pharmacological Treatment of Lipedema: The Italian Experience with Exenatide. Clinics and Practice. 2025;15(7):128.

3. Mohseni Y, Vazirnia A, Minokadeh A, Amron DM, Coleman WP 3rd. Targeting Inflammation and Fibrosis in Lipedema: The Potential Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Therapies. Dermatologic Surgery. 2026;52(6S):S72–S75.

4. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(11):989–1002.

5. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(3):205–216.